Definition, CEFR level C1, pronunciation, examples, and quiz.
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Definition
nounRegard for others, both natural and moral without regard for oneself; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness.
nounAction or behaviour that benefits another or others at some cost to the performer.
Sentence Examples
Some have characterized altruism as selfishness on behalf of others.
I admire Tom's altruism.
CEFR Practice Quiz
His ____ was evident when he donated all his savings to the children's hospital.
CEFR Practice Quiz (Alternate)
The charity was founded on the principles of ____ and helping others.
Word Origin & History
Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-
Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos
Proto-Italic *aljos
Proto-Indo-European *-teros
Proto-Italic *-teros
Proto-Italic *aliteros
Latin alterī
Vulgar Latin *alterui
Old French autrui
French autrui
Proto-Indo-European *-id-
Proto-Indo-European *-yéti
Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti
Proto-Hellenic *-íďďō
Ancient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)
Proto-Indo-European *-mos
Proto-Indo-European *-mós
Ancient Greek -μός (-mós)
Ancient Greek -ῐσμός (-ĭsmós)der.
Latin -ismusbor.
French -isme
French altruismebor.
English altruism
From French altruisme, which was coined in 1830 by Auguste Comte from autrui (“of or to others”) + -isme, from Old French, from Latin alteri, dative of alter (“other”) (whence also English alter). Apparently inspired by the French Latin legal phrase l'autrui, from le bien, le droit d'autrui (“the good, the right of the other”). Introduced into English by George Henry Lewes in 1853, in his translation Comte’s Philosophy of the Sciences, 1, xxi.
Literary Quotations & Historical Citations
"The preposterous altruism too![…]Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog."
— 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
"Altruism allows doing for others as one would be done by. Unlike reaction formation, which also gives to the object what the self desires, altruism leaves the self at least partly gratified. Unlike reaction formation, altruism tempers asceticism with pleasure. Unlike passive aggression and martyrdom, altruism allows the object to feel blessed and not afflicted. Altruism attracts people to the user; martyrdom repels them even as it holds them close in chains."
— 1995, George E. Vaillant, The Wisdom of the Ego, page 68:
"Altruism is a behaviour of an individual that benefits another at its own expense.[…]She decided to investigate what motivates ants to undertake these dangerous missions, where they risk getting trapped themselves or, worse, eaten by predatory antlion larvae, which dig pits and lurk, semi-concealed, at the bottom with their jaws wide open. Such apparently selfless rescue behaviour is seen by many as one of the purest forms of altruism.[…]Being nice to relatives is not pure altruism because they share your genes so, by helping them, you promote your own genetic heritage."
— 2013 December 24, Laura Spinney, Goodwill hunting: Random ants of kindness, New Scientist: